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Airline Proficiency: The LOFT

Being an airline pilot is a pretty posh job. You get to wear a cool uniform, sit in a comfortable chair, and enjoy a beautiful office view. What could be less stressful? Hold on a second and let me dash your illusions that I so deviously built up. Airline pilots have to jump through a series of stressful hoops including check-rides, line-standards checks, and FAA “fed-rides”. One such event is the LOFT, short for Line-Oriented Flight Training.

LOFTs are very different from check-rides in that they mimic an ordinary flight with a few extraordinary situations thrown in for good measure. Last April, I had the pleasure of flying my first LOFT since new-hire training in a full-motion CRJ-200 simulator.

My flight began as a winter day trip departing Minneapolis, MN for Des Moines, IA. Our sim instructor informed me that the airplane was iced up, so we would have to deice, which is par for the course in Minnie. After running the appropriate deicing checklist, the flight proceeded normally.

As the first leg was mine, I decided to play it safe by engaging the autopilot early instead of hand flying to my usual 10,000+. With such an increased probability of bells and whistles going off, it just seemed prudent to free up my brain-space for dealing with an anticipated emergency.

Much to my surprise, everything proceeded normally. No systems failures, no passenger emergencies, there wasn’t even a thunderstorm for me to dodge. Through our descent, I began to wonder what the instructor had cooking for me. After all, I had almost a whole hour to get complacent. As I proceeded down the Des Moines localizer I wondered if we were home-free. And then the culprit revealed itself.

Nearing minimums on the ILS, a familiar voice enunciated the red letters on my primary flight display: “WINDSHEAR! WINDSHEAR!” OK, easy enough. I called “max thrust” as I threw the thrust levers forward and pitched for the ascending flight director. My captain called “positive rate,” and once the windshear warning was gone I got to work cleaning up the airplane. “Flaps eight, gear up,” I said, and we were on to a normal go-around climb profile in no time. The following landing was uneventful and my brief ordeal as the flying pilot was over.

After a quick bathroom break, it was the captain’s turn to fly back to Minnie. Clearly I was wise to go first as this was to be the ‘exciting’ leg.

On takeoff, my primary flight display failed, which I promptly announced to the captain. He aborted the takeoff as the instructor repositioned us for another go.

This time windshear got us shortly after rotation. Again, we muddled through it by applying maximum thrust and following flight director guidance. The captain engaged the autopilot early and we were on our way to a Cat-II approach into Minneapolis.

Now this is the part of the LOFT that I found interesting. Established on the glideslope, we experienced a flap failure at flaps 30, fifteen degrees away from our landing setting of flaps 45. We were faced with a real decision. Do you continue the approach and land with thirty degrees of flaps, which is explicitly prohibited for Cat-II approaches, or do you go missed and proceed to your alternate with thirty degrees of flaps slowing you down and wasting your fuel?

The captain made the PIC decision to go ahead and land. Eyeballing the chart’s depiction of 12,000 feet of runway I agreed and set the V-ref speed for flaps 30. The simulated CRJ touched down at the 1,000′ marker and slowed to a halt.

After a short debriefing about how we should do less of this and do more of that, our paperwork was signed and the captain and I were set to fly another day.

Patrick Flannigan is a regional airline pilot and aviation blogger. You can read more of Patrick’s articles at AviationChatter.com.

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5 Comments, Comment or Ping

  1. Did you get in trouble for continue the Cat-II approach despite the fact that it was prohibited with less than full flaps? I would have expected the PIC to take the more conservative approach, since this is a checkride and you can’t really be failed for taking the safest approach, even if you add time and burn more fuel. Or does the “line-oriented” aspect of the checkride make a difference here in how you’re expected to react? Julien.

  2. Great question, and this was a topic of discussion during our debrief. By declaring an emergency for the flaps failure we were free to deviate from regulations as necessary in the interest of safety.

    The decision to continue was based on the fact that we would have been pushing our luck by diverting to a distant alternate with marginal weather and flying there with 30 degrees of flaps. We calculated fuel burns after-the-fact and found that we would have been close to a fuel emergency had we diverted. Given any delays, we may have been in for a serious situation following that option.

    The most conservative approach would probably have been to go missed and re-try the Cat-II instead of continuing the approach, but the instructor didn’t fault us for continuing.

    The line-oriented aspect doesn’t really play a factor. We are expected to maximize safety of flight all the time, on the line and in checkrides, so there should be no difference in pilot reactions.

    Thanks for the question a Julien!

  3. Thanks Patrick for the answer :-) Julien.

  4. Xavier

    When the decision to land despite the falps failure was made, had the captain in mind that the extra runway length required was available ? I suppose so, but is it part of the usual checklist?
    When such a decision is made, as it is normally prohibited, is it compulsory to report an emergency situation?
    During a private licence flight test (sorry, the only test I know) I would go around, unless very short in petrol.

  5. One of the items for discussion in our approach briefing is runway length, so we both knew that we had plenty of space. In fact, Minneapolis actually had a longer runway than our alternates.

    It isn’t compulsory to declare an emergency, but it is prudent. By declaring an emergency, you will get priority handling from air traffic control and the leeway to deviate from regulations and/or clearances in the interest of safety. We declare emergencies for things that I might not have worried about in the GA world to add an extra margin of safety to abnormal situations.

    Yeah, we probably should have gone around, but the abnormal checklist was finished quickly enough to give us plenty of time to remain stabilized. Since I am the flying pilot for Cat-2 approaches, I had made up my mind to go missed if I began to feel rushed (which is unlikely considering the autopilot is flying the plane).

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